london037 Marble Arch was designed by John Nash in 1828 to be the main entrance to Buckingham Palace. It was moved to its present site in 1851 when an extension was built to Buckingham Palace, leaving insufficient space for the Arch. Marble Arch replaced Cumberland Gate as a new entrance to Hyde Park at the top of Park Lane, complementing the Ionic Arch by Decimus Burton at Hyde Park Corner. The road layout was changed in 1908 and 1961 which left Marble Arch on an island site. The location is on an axis to two great Roman Roads. One linked Colchester to the West country; the other, Watling Street (Edgeware Road), linked with St Albans to the North. The Romans are thought to have built both these roads along the line of two older tracks which followed the high ground to avoid marshy areas. Edgeware Road is mid-way between the Tyburn and Westbourne streams. For 600 years this crossroads was known as Tyburn. A plaque in the traffic island at the junction of Edgeware Road and Bayswater Road marks the site where gallows were thought to have stood from 1571 to 1759. The gallows were known as the Tyburn Tree but were replaced by movable gallows when a toll-house was built on the site for the turnpike road. In the 18th century Oxford Street was called Tyburn Road and Park Lane was Tyburn Lane. By around 1780 Oxford Street was fully built up as a residential area and the last public execution at Tyburn was held in 1783. From 1855 a number of large protest meetings were held in Hyde Park. In 1872 the right to free assembly was recognized in the Northeast corner, now known as Speakers' Corner, near Marble Arch. Since then anyone has been able to say what they like at Speakers' Corner provided they do not break the laws against blasphemy or obscenity or constitute an incitement to a breach of the peace. Not all details which were planned for Marble Arch were built. A plaster model in the Victoria and Albert Museum shows the originally proposed design. John Nash and the Prince Regent based the design on both the Arch of Constantine in Rome and on Napoleon's triumphal Arc du Carrousel in Paris. The reliefs in the square panels on the North side are by Sir Richard Westmacott and show three female figures representing England, Scotland and Ireland and an allegorical group depicting Peace and Plenty. The panels on the South side are by Edward Hodges Bailey, an eminent sculptor of the day, and show a naval warrior with a figure of Justice and another group depicting Peace and Plenty. The bronze gates were made by Samuel Parker and show the lion of England, the cypher of George IV, and the figure of St George and the dragon. The gateway is only used by royal processions or by the Royal Horse Artillery on their ceremonial route to fire a salute in Hyde Park.